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IB Lingo Cheat Sheet

IB Lingo Cheat Sheet

4 min read | Mia Machholm | January 27, 2026

Master IB jargon fast! This cheat sheet translates essential IB terms and acronyms (HL, SL, EE, TOK, CAS, ATL) to quickly boost your confidence.

The Ultimate IB Lingo Cheat Sheet: From ATL to TOK

At first, stepping into the world of the IB DP (International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme) can feel like learning a new language. What’s the difference between an IA and an EA? What on earth are TOK and CAS?

Don't worry, we've got you covered. Keep reading to decode every essential term for navigating the next two years with confidence.

The DP Core: The Heart of Your Diploma

The DP Core lies at the heart of your Diploma and refers to the three foundational components of your DP education - the EE, TOK, and CAS. These are required of all DP students and aim to broaden your educational experience, fostering critical thinking and engagement with your community.

EE (Extended Essay)

The EE challenges you to become an independent researcher. It's a 4,000-word essay on a topic of your choice. You'll be assigned a supervisor to support your project; however, the responsibility for selecting the topic, conducting the research, and producing the essay ultimately rests with you. This is a chance to prepare for university-level writing and research. It's marked externally by an official IB examiner.

TOK (Theory of Knowledge)

TOK is the theory of knowledge. It pushes you to think about how you know what you know. This is a philosophical course that explores the nature of knowledge itself, challenging you to critically reflect on the ways knowledge is produced and accepted across various subject areas and global cultures. TOK is assessed through an exhibition and a 1,600-word essay.

CAS (Creativity, Activity, Service)

CAS focuses on activities outside the classroom to develop attributes of the IB Learner Profile. As part of your CAS course, you complete a collaborative project and a portfolio that documents your engagement with creative pursuits, physical activity, and community service over 18 months. Although you will not be given a grade for CAS, completion is a requirement for earning your Diploma, and you'll meet regularly with your CAS CAS coordinator to stay on track.

The Lanterna Tip: The Core can earn you bonus points! Your grades in the Extended Essay and TOK are combined to give you up to three extra points towards your total Diploma score of 45. Nailing these can be the key to hitting your university offer.

Your Subjects: HL vs. SL

In the DP, you choose six subjects to study for two years. Each subject can be studied at either Standard Level or Higher Level. Your choice of subjects and their level is a crucial decision for managing your workload and meeting university requirements.

  • HL (Higher Level): These are your specialist subjects. You'll study them in greater depth, covering more content over 240 teaching hours. You'll take a minimum of three and a maximum of four subjects at HL, studying the rest of your six subjects at Standard Level. Choose HL subjects you enjoy or need for your future degree.
  • SL (Standard Level): These subjects provide a broad foundation of knowledge and require 150 teaching hours. Your SL subjects allow you to explore areas outside your main focus, ensuring you remain a well-rounded student.

Assessments & Grades: Understanding How You're Marked

The IB assesses your work as a mix of coursework and final exams. Knowing the difference is key to planning your study schedule.

TermWhat It Really Means
IA (Internal Assessment)Coursework marked by your own teacher but moderated by the IB. This includes things like science lab reports, math explorations, history essays, and oral assessments in your language courses. It typically makes up about 20% of your final grade in a subject.
EA (External Assessment)These are the final exams you take in May of your second year. They are marked by an external IB examiner who doesn't know you. This makes up the bulk of your grade, usually around 80%.
PG (Predicted Grade)The grade your teacher expects you to get in the final exams based on your performance in class and assessments. These are hugely important for your university applications.
Command TermsThe specific instruction words used in exam questions, like "Analyse", "Evaluate", or "Describe". Understanding exactly what each command term asks you to do is one of the most important skills for scoring high marks.

The "IB Way": Key Concepts & Philosophies

The IB isn't just about subjects and exams; it's a whole educational philosophy designed to shape how you learn and see the world.

  • ATL (Approaches to Learning): These are the "soft skills" the IB teaches you. These skills are explicitly woven into all of your subjects and focus on five categories: Thinking, Communication, Social, Self-Management, and Research skills. They're designed to make you a more effective, self-regulated learner for life.
  • IB Learner Profile: This is a profile of the type of student the IB hopes to develop. An IB student should have the following attributes: Inquirers, Knowledgeable, Thinkers, Communicators, Principled, Open-minded, Caring, Risk-takers, Balanced, and Reflective.
  • International-mindedness: As an international education, the IB encourages you to think beyond your immediate surroundings, understand complex global issues, and appreciate different cultures and perspectives.
Mia Machholm
Mia Machholm
Hi, I'm Mia, an IB graduate and physics teacher at a leading IB school. I scored 43 points in the Diploma Programme, including a 7 in HL Physics, and hold a PGCE teaching qualification in secondary science. I've been tutoring physics with Lanterna since 2019, where I support my students individually by tailoring my approach to their unique needs and goals, drawing on my professional expertise. Outside of teaching, I enjoy cooking, crocheting, and playing with my cat.

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The IB uses acronyms as shorthand for its unique components that make the programme so respected. EE (Extended Essay), TOK (Theory of Knowledge), and IAs (Internal Assessments) represent key parts of the Diploma Programme that go beyond standard exams. While it can feel like learning a new language, understanding them is the first step to success. Our guide is a great start, but a personalised chat can clear things up even faster.

Your six subjects (3 HL, 3 SL) are your main academic focus. The IB Core—Extended Essay (EE), Theory of Knowledge (TOK), and Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS)—is designed to broaden your education and develop skills for university. It builds research, critical thinking, and personal skills, and is mandatory for earning the IB Diploma.

Feeling overwhelmed is completely normal! That's why we offer a free IB consultation with a Student Success Expert. They are IB graduates who can translate the jargon, help you map out your two years, and create a clear plan for managing the workload of your subjects, IAs, EE, and TOK, so you can feel confident and in control.

Yes, absolutely. Our tutors are subject-matter experts who scored top marks in the IB. They provide one-on-one support to help you refine your EE research question, structure your IAs across all subjects, and master the assessment criteria, ensuring you meet the IB's high standards while upholding academic honesty.

Choosing your Higher Level (HL) and Standard Level (SL) subjects is a critical decision that impacts your university applications. If you're having second thoughts or want to confirm your choices are right for your goals, our Student Success Experts can provide guidance during a free consultation based on their experience with global university admissions.

It's a free, 20–30 minute online call with one of our Student Success Experts, who are all high-achieving IB graduates. We listen to your goals and challenges, demystify any part of the IB, and help you create a clear plan with priorities and next steps. It's designed for both students and parents to gain clarity and confidence.

Yes, 100% free. There is absolutely no obligation or pressure to purchase tutoring afterwards. Our primary goal is to provide clarity and a strategic plan for your IB journey. Many families find this session incredibly valuable on its own for understanding the road ahead.

Our Student Success Experts are top IB graduates who have successfully navigated the entire Diploma Programme. They aren't tutors; they are mentors who provide strategic advice. During your free consultation, they use their firsthand experience to help you with subject choices, study planning, and IB-specific challenges.

You will leave the call with a clear, actionable plan for your IB studies. You'll understand your priorities and the next steps you can take immediately to feel more in control. If you decide you'd like further support from a tutor, your Student Success Expert can match you with the perfect one, but there is never any pressure to do so.


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